Biosensors in Medicine: A Biochemical Perspective on Principles, Applications, and Future Trends

Background and Objective: Biosensors have emerged as essential tools in modern medicine due to their ability to provide rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of biological analytes. This review aims to present a comprehensive biochemical perspective on the principles, classification, clinical applications, and future directions of biosensors in healthcare. Method: A narrative review approach was employed to analyze and synthesize existing literature on biosensor technologies. Key aspects including fundamental biochemical mechanisms (enzyme–substrate interactions, antigen–antibody binding, and nucleic acid hybridization), classification based on biorecognition elements, and signal transduction systems were systematically examined. Findings/ Result: Biosensors were categorized into major groups such as electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric systems, each with distinct analytical advantages. Clinical applications were identified across multiple domains, including metabolic disorders, cancer diagnosis, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular monitoring. The findings highlight the growing importance of biosensors in point-of-care testing and personalized medicine. However, several limitations were noted, including challenges related to stability, reproducibility, biofouling, and scalability, despite advancements driven by nanotechnology, materials science, and synthetic biology. Conclusion: Biosensors represent a rapidly evolving field with significant potential to transform diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in modern healthcare. Future developments, particularly in wearable devices, artificial intelligence integration, and lab-on-a-chip technologies, are expected to enhance their clinical applicability and performance.