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A bstract Our early Universe is not perfectly homogeneous and it may contain some inhomogeneous sources, which might distort the local spacetime and modify the bubble nucleation rate. Taking the primordial black hole as an extreme example, we investigate the bubble nucleation rate of a first-order phase transition in the vicinity of primordial black holes or other primordial gravitational sources. Our analysis reveals that the presence of primordial black holes can reduce the effective action and might modify the nucleation rate due to their gravitational effects, potentially altering the dynamics of the phase transition in the early Universe. As a byproduct, new gravitational wave signals could be produced since the gravitational effects of primordial black holes or other possible inhomogeneous sources could lead to nucleation of nonspherical bubbles.
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Ding et al. (2026) studied this question.
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