Directionality and Urban Rhythms of Urban Foodification: An Analysis Using Circular Statistics. The Case of Madrid’s City Center

Over recent decades, gastronomy has become a central driver in the transformation of cities, acting as an economic, cultural, and symbolic force. This process known as ‘foodification’ is reflected in the concentration and intensification of food service establishments within consolidated urban areas, particularly those of high symbolic and touristic value. The present research applies circular statistics to analyze the spatial and temporal patterns of restaurant expansion in Madrid, Spain, between 2018 and 2024, with a specific focus on the Ríos Rosas neighborhood. This methodology enables the identification of seasonal rhythms and preferred directions for growth in the opening of new establishments. Results reveal a dominant trend of expansion toward the northern areas of the city (characterized by higher economic and touristic dynamism) as well as recurring temporal patterns. The findings also demonstrate the potential of circular statistics to quantify gastronomic intensification and to deepen understanding of how new urban foodscapes are configured.