A century of Newcastle disease virus research

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is one of the most important viral pathogens affecting poultry worldwide. This review analyses key scientific milestones shaping global evolutionary landscapes and highlights transformative advances in our understanding of NDV pathogenesis. We assessed the current scientific status of development of genotype-matched vaccines in providing robust immunity. Finally, we explored recent advances in reverse genetics and current exploitation of NDV in recombinant vaccine development, heterologous antigen expression, and cancer immunotherapy.