“You Have to Be Brave”: A Mixed-Methods Exploration of Filipino American Parents’ Critical Consciousness and Racial-Ethnic Socialization Amid Anti-Asian Racism

This convergent mixed-methods study examined critical consciousness and racial-ethnic socialization among 65 Filipino American parents (Mage = 46.1 years, SD = 7.3; 77% mothers) of adolescents (Mage = 15.4 years, SD = 1.6; 55% girls). Parents completed surveys; 12 parent-adolescent dyads discussed anti-Asian racism. Greater racial discrimination experiences predicted higher parental critical consciousness, which was associated with socialization messages about navigating racism and multicultural contexts. Thematic analyses identified three domains of parental messaging: explaining racism, addressing racism, and equipping adolescents with tools. Across groups, parents emphasized interconnectedness consistent with the Filipino cultural value of kapwa. Findings inform culturally responsive interventions.