Labor Significance Amid Regional Revenue and Domestic Investment in Yogyakarta Economic Growth

General Background: Regional economic development depends on productive resources, fiscal capacity, and capital formation, commonly assessed through Gross Regional Domestic Product. Specific Background: Regional revenue, domestic investment, and labor represent important economic factors whose relationships with regional output may vary according to local economic conditions. Knowledge Gap: The relative statistical contributions of these factors to regional economic performance remain insufficiently established within the observed provincial economy. Aims: This study examines the relationships between locally generated revenue, domestic investment, labor, and Gross Regional Domestic Product in Yogyakarta during 2011–2025. A quantitative approach employing secondary institutional data and multiple linear regression was implemented using EViews 13. Results: Labor demonstrated a statistically significant positive relationship with regional output (p = 0.0300). Conversely, locally generated revenue (p = 0.4979) and domestic investment (p = 0.0825) showed no statistically significant individual relationships. The three explanatory variables were jointly significant, with an adjusted coefficient of determination of 0.829874, accounting for approximately 82.99% of observed output variation. Novelty: The study identifies labor as the only individually significant predictor within an integrated regional fiscal, investment, and workforce model over the specified observation period. Implications: Regional development planning should consider labor absorption alongside fiscal and investment policies while evaluating why increased financial resources do not necessarily correspond to statistically significant output changes. Highlights: Workforce participation demonstrated a positive statistical association (p = 0.0300). Fiscal receipts and capital inflows were individually nonsignificant at the 5% level. The combined model accounted for approximately 82.99% of observed variation.