Qur'anic Tolerance (Rahmah-Adl) and It's Limits in Buya Hamka's Tafsir Al-Azhar for Indonesian Plural Society

This study aims to reconstruct the concepts of rahmah (compassion) and ’adl (justice) in Qur’anic tolerance and to identify the boundaries of social tolerance in interfaith relations according to Buya Hamka’s Tafsir Al-Azhar. It addresses contemporary religious discourse in which tolerance is often positioned between relativism, perceived as weakening religious boundaries, and exclusivism, which restricts peaceful coexistence. This study employs a qualitative-interpretive approach combining library research and field research through interviews and observation. The primary textual data consist of relevant Qur’anic verses and their interpretations in Tafsir Al-Azhar, while field data were obtained from ten participants and observations of student interactions in the campus environment. Secondary data include academic books, scholarly journal articles, and previous studies. The findings indicate that Qur’anic tolerance can be reconstructed through rahmah and ’adl as complementary ethical principles. Rahmah emphasizes compassion, social concern, and human dignity, while ’adl emphasizes fairness and equitable treatment amid religious differences. The field findings also reveal that tolerance is understood through respect for differences, the maintenance of social relationships, interfaith social concern, and awareness of the boundaries of religious practice. According to the study’s analysis of Tafsir Al-Azhar, tolerance supports peaceful coexistence and social cooperation without requiring the abandonment of religious convictions. Its boundaries are associated with the distinction between social relations and matters of religious belief and worship. This study contributes a contextual framework for strengthening religious moderation, Qur’anic exegetical literacy, and fair and civilized interfaith dialogue in Indonesia