Electromagnetic Compatibility in Electric Vehicles: A Review and Near-Field Case Study of an Electric Bus

Electric vehicles (EVs) pose electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) challenges that span sub-hertz traction currents to multi-gigahertz radiated emissions. This paper combines a narrative review of 260 publications (1992–2026) with an exploratory case study. The review traces the evolution of EV EMC research, emission and coupling mechanisms, mitigation techniques and the standards framework, and it identifies a standardization gap for heavy-duty platforms. The case study characterizes the near-field electric field of a single 130 kW electric bus under five operating conditions (1 Hz–10 MHz, one acquisition each), supplemented by repeated electric- and magnetic-field recordings during charging (1–150 kHz) referenced to the de-energized vehicle. Below about 1 kHz the spectra are dominated by an instrument-limited plateau that cannot be attributed to the vehicle. During charging, an electric-field line pair at 57.5 and 115.5 kHz rose six- to eightfold above the reference and was reproducible to within ±3% in six recordings; the estimated exposure ratios remained below the ICNIRP general-public reference levels. Key open challenges, research opportunities and mitigation strategies for heavy-duty EV EMC are identified.