An Overview of Autoimmune Diseases: Pathophysiology, Pharmacological management and Emerging Therapeutic strategies

Autoimmune diseases are characterised by failure of immune responses to differentiate body’s self-antigens from foreign antigens thereby targeting body own cells and tissues. The causative factors for autoimmune diseases include genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers, epigenetic alterations and hormonal changes. The resultant deregulated immune response may lead to tissue damage, chronic inflammation, biochemical abnormalities and even organ failure. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important to prevent long-term complication. Recent advances in targeted therapies have improved disease control, while ongoing research aims to develop safer and more effective treatment option. The current study gives an overview on different types of autoimmune diseases and briefs on the pathophysiology of disease, current therapeutic management and lifestyle change approaches. Research databases such as PUBMED, Google Scholar, Science Direct were referred to collect the data related to autoimmune disease. The articles cited in the study were between 2005 to 2025 and the review on this subject included a total of 25 references.