Effects of plastic exposure on human health

Plastic pollution is a critical environmental and public health challenge, with growing evidence linking human exposure to microplastics, nanoplastics, and associated chemicals to adverse health outcomes. This review summarises current knowledge on the health effects of plastic exposure, addressing both established findings and critical knowledge gaps. We examine human exposure to plastics and associated health risks based on available clinical and epidemiological evidence. Additionally, we explore chemicals associated with plastic, including their potential as carcinogens and disruptors of endocrine and immune function. Recognising the urgent need for preventive measures, we examine emerging strategies for reducing plastic burdens, including global regulatory efforts like the United Nations Plastics Treaty and proposed public health guidelines. By integrating current evidence, this review aims to provide a foundation for advancing research and informing strategies to mitigate health risks associated with plastic.