Effectiveness of Plant-Based Diets for Overweight and Obese Adults: A Scoping Review

Background. Obesity is a global epidemic associated with significant health risks, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality. Plant-based diets (PBDs), characterized by high fiber, low fat, and nutrient density, have gained attention as a potential strategy for managing overweight and obesity. Aims.: This scoping review aims to synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of PBDs in managing overweight and obesity in adults, while highlighting challenges such as nutritional adequacy, adherence, and cultural feasibility. Methods. A literature search was conducted for studies published between 2013 and 2023 using PubMed and Google Scholar. Six studies involving participants aged ≥18 years were included, comprising randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, cross-sectional studies, and systematic reviews. Key outcomes included weight loss, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, and metabolic parameters. Results. PBDs were associated with reductions in body weight, BMI, and fat mass. Improvements in metabolic parameters, including insulin sensitivity and glycemic control, were also observed. These effects may be attributed to the high fiber and low-fat composition of PBDs, which can promote satiety and reduce energy intake. However, challenges related to adherence, potential micronutrient deficiencies, and cultural acceptability were identified. Conclusions. PBDs represent a promising dietary approach for managing obesity and improving metabolic health. Future efforts should focus on enhancing adherence, ensuring nutritional adequacy, and improving accessibility to maximize public health impact.