Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
Various wake status have been analysed by a numerical method that combines the actuator disc principle with the Navier–Stokes equations. Results are compared with one-dimensional momentum theory and experiments. The computations are in excellent agreement with one-dimensional momentum theory for rotors working in the windmill brake state as well as in the propeller and hover states. The computations demonstrate that the turbulent wake and vortex ring states are unstable regimes for a rotor with constant loading and that these states, after a complicated transient phase, settle to a steady state. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sørensen et al. (Tue,) studied this question.