Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Autoimmune Diabetes: An Autoinflammatory Disease

Immunomodulatory agents targeting immune checkpoints are now the state-of-the-art for the treatment of many cancers, but at the same time have led to autoimmune side effects, including autoimmune diabetes: immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced diabetes (CPI-DM). Emerging research shows the importance of preexisting autoimmune disease risk that has been identified through genetics, and autoantibodies. Key associated clinical findings also include increased levels of lipase before diagnosis suggesting that the inflammatory process in the pancreas extends beyond the islets of Langerhans. There is selectivity for the blockade of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) for this adverse event, consistent with the role of this checkpoint in maintaining tolerance to autoimmune diabetes.