Preface to the second issue of Heart India 2024

In this "Heart India" issue, we publish two review articles, five original research articles, six case reports, and one letter to the editor. Cardiovascular disorder (CVD) are the leading causes of death worldwide in both sexes alike. The incidence and prevalence of CVD continue to see an upward trend. According to the Global Burden of Diseases Survey 2020, more than 19 million people die of CVD every year and coronary artery disease (CAD) contributes to the major chunk among CVD, followed by cerebrovascular disease. In the first review article, Pradhan et al.1 have summarized all clinical practice-changing hot trials presented at the American Heart Association Annual Scientific Meeting in 2023. Vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin, is acquired through diet and sunlight. Skin exposure to ultraviolet sunlight triggers its synthesis, followed by metabolic transformations involving specific enzymes in the liver and kidneys.2 In the second review article, Rahman and Maitra reviewed the role of Vitamin D supplements on hypercholesterolemia and CAD outcomes. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), also known as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, is a common treatment option for patients with CAD. The most frequent complication of PCI is in-stent restenosis, occurring in 15%–30% of patients undergoing coronary stent implantation.3 In the first original research article, Bafna et al. have studied the risk factors associated with restenosis in patients with PCI. Inferior wall myocardial infarction (IWMI) typically occurs due to the blockage of either the right coronary artery (RCA) or the left circumflex artery. The RCA supplies blood to the right atrium, right ventricle, and parts of the heart's conducting system, including the sinoatrial node, which is responsible for generating the heart's electrical impulses. In the second original research article, Yadav et al. studied the determinants of RCA occlusion in patients with IWMI. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury or contrast-induced nephropathy, a well-known entity that can be defined as an absolute increase of serum creatinine ≥0.5 mg/dL (44 mmol/L) or relative increase ≥25% from the baseline value at 72 h postintervention.4 In the third original research article, Reddy et al. studied the multivariable correlations of estimated glomerular filtration rate in 1020 consecutive PCIs in 16 months from a single center. Menopause, marked by a significant decline in estrogen levels, is known to negatively impact circulatory function and metabolism, potentially increasing the risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In the fourth original research article, Goswami et al. studied the comparative clinical and angiographic profiles of premenopausal and postmenopausal women presenting with ACS. Cardiovascular disorder (CVD) are responsible for approximately 25% of all deaths in India. While advances in primary and secondary preventive measures have significantly reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, this trend is not as pronounced among the younger population in India. In the fifth original research article, Bhattacharjee et al. studied the demographic, clinical, and angiographic profiles of young adults presenting with acute myocardial infarction. Radial arterial access is the mainstay of coronary interventions in contemporary clinical practice. In the first case report, Sahu and Goel reported a rare case of the aberrant right subclavian artery which makes the radial intervention difficult and they reported how successfully they navigated the aberrant subclavian artery and completed the procedure. Low cardiac output syndrome is one of the most important complications following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and results in higher morbidity and mortality. In the second case report, Kapardhi et al. reported the perioperative use of Impella device in very high-risk CABG. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a common congenital heart disease, presenting with the symptoms of increased pulmonary blood flow in infancy and childhood. In the third case report, Malani et al. reported a case of PDA presenting as dilated cardiomyopathy with heart failure in an adult managed with percutaneous intervention. Sinus venosus atrial septal defect (SVASD) is a nonprimum, nonsecundum variant type of ASD. SV ASD is usually treated by surgical closure. In the fourth case report, Reddy G. et al. reported a case of SVASD managed with device closure. Isolated stenosis of the left coronary artery is relatively rare. Studies have shown a 2%–10% incidence of acute myocardial infarction in patients aged 45 years or younger. Stable angina and multi-vessel disease are uncommon in younger patients, especially in females. It is more commonly reported in postmenopausal women. In the fifth case report, Gohil et al. reported a rare case of isolated left main CAD in a 30-year-old female who presented to the emergency department with angina. The advent of mobile health technologies, particularly smartphone-based 12-lead electrocardiogram devices, has revolutionized cardiac care. In the sixth case report, Singh et al. reported a case report of comprehensive cardiac assessment using the Spandan device. In the last letter to editor, Mahapatra et al. have reported the reasons behind medication nonadherence and concluded that forgetfulness and a dearth of counseling played significant roles in nonadherence. To address these issues, patient education and the use of distinctively colored strips emerged as favored solutions.