What question did this study set out to answer?

The research aims to resolve the Proton Radius Puzzle by deriving a new formula related to probe-induced effects.

January 14, 2026Open Access

Mechanical Resolution of the Proton Radius Puzzle: Variable Manifold Tension in the UST Model

Key Points

The research aims to resolve the Proton Radius Puzzle by deriving a new formula related to probe-induced effects.
Utilized the Universal Sheet Tension (UST) Model to treat protons as mechanical inclusions.
Derived a dynamic radius formula linking radius measurements to manifold tension based on probe type.
Analyzed the effects of different particle probes, specifically comparing electrons and muons.
Observed a ~4% discrepancy in proton radius measurements using electrons vs. muons.
Found that the muon's greater mass-tension compresses the proton's 2D skin more than electrons can.
Proposed a purely mechanical explanation for the variations in measured proton radius.

Abstract

This paper addresses the Proton Radius Puzzle—the ~4% discrepancy between measurements using electrons and muons. Within the Universal Sheet Tension (UST) Model, the proton is treated as a 3D mechanical inclusion. We derive a dynamic radius formula showing that the measured radius is a function of probe-induced manifold tension. The muon's higher mass-tension physically compresses the proton's 2D skin, providing a purely mechanical and deterministic solution to the discrepancy.

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Darius Puzinas

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Mechanical Resolution of the Proton Radius Puzzle: Variable Manifold Tension in the UST Model

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