What question did this study set out to answer?

To explore how the temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background can be derived from atomic constants and energy principles.

March 5, 2026Open Access

A Derivation of the CMB Temperature from Atomic Constants, the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, and the Landauer Limit V3

Key Points

To explore how the temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background can be derived from atomic constants and energy principles.
Numerical observation of CMB temperature.
Utilized atomic constants: hbar, m_e, a_0, k_B, alpha.
Set equal Heisenberg minimum energy and Landauer minimum thermal energy.
CMB temperature expressed as T_CMB = 2.72548 K.
Achievement of five significant figures accuracy.
Error in calculation noted at 0.000194%.

Abstract

We report a numerical observation: the temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background (TCMB = 2. 72548 K) can be expressed to five significant figures using only atomic constants — hbar, mₑ, a₀, kB, alpha — and the factorial 5!. The formula emerges from setting equal the Heisenberg minimum energy and the Landauer minimum thermal energy. Error: 0. 000194%. No theoretical derivation is offered.

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