Version 3. 0: A substrate-based phenomenological alternative to cold dark matter in which the dark matter signal is modeled as the energy maintenance budget of a pre-existing 2D spatial substrate. Using four global parameters (lambda=0. 1, kappa=2. 0, grid=256, layers=8) and zero per-galaxy tuning, we classify 175 SPARC rotation curve galaxies into six physically distinct substrate interaction states. On 29 representative galaxies, BCM achieves a mean reduced chi-squared of 42. 1 compared to NFW's 92. 1 (two fitted parameters per galaxy) and MOND's 1630. 4. The framework generates falsifiable predictions for IceCube/KM3NeT neutrino flavor gradients, Betelgeuse tachocline recovery, and binary mass transfer rates. All code and data: https: //github. com/Joy4joy4all/Burdick-Crag-Mass Version 4. 0: Preprint presenting a substrate wave model for galactic rotation curves using four frozen global parameters and zero per-galaxy tuning. Reduced chi-squared comparison against NFW and MOND on 29 SPARC galaxies: BCM wins 13/29 (mean χ²=42. 1 vs NFW 92. 1), dominates massive bracket 7/12 (avg χ²=62. 7 vs NFW 241. 8). MOND wins 0/29. The substrate maintenance luminosity scales as L_ν ~ vₘax³. 9, independently recovering the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation (L ~ v⁴; Tully & Fisher 1977) from the same frozen parameters — this scaling was not an input. All 29 galaxies remain sub-Eddington (max L_ν/LEdd < 6×10⁻⁴). Predicted neutrino flux exceeds IceCube point-source sensitivity by 2-5 orders of magnitude for galaxies within 20 Mpc. All code and data publicly available on GitHub. Included, v1. 0 and v2. 0 drafts
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Stephen Justin Senior Burdick
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Stephen Justin Senior Burdick (Tue,) studied this question.
www.synapsesocial.com/papers/69e07d732f7e8953b7cbe6d7 — DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19571033