Black Hole: The Extreme Node of Spatial Contraction

Mainstream physics attributes black holes to the collapse of spacetime under extreme mass, resulting in a singularity (infinitesimal volume and infinite density). However, it fails to explain the sharp increase in gravitational force with unchanged mass and contradicts fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. Based on the previously proposed framework of matter energy-space energy conversion, this paper argues that a black hole is the extreme node of spatial contraction. During the core collapse of a massive star, extreme pressure crushes matter into elementary particles, leading to a surge in unsaturation. The absorption of space energy by these particles triggers a drastic contraction of the surrounding space. There is no singularity inside a black hole; instead, it consists of a dense core composed of elementary particles. The gravitational strength of a black hole is determined by the total amount and degree of unsaturation of its internal unsaturated particles, and varies dynamically with evolutionary stages. This framework unifies explanations for the formation, internal structure, observational characteristics and evolutionary path of black holes without introducing the singularity hypothesis.