Legal Responsibility and Governance of Artificial Intelligence in Smart Judicial Systems: A Hybrid Framework for Algorithmic Accountability

This paper examines the legal responsibility and governance challenges associated with artificial intelligence in smart judicial systems, focusing on algorithmic decision-making and its implications for accountability, transparency, and judicial independence. It argues that traditional legal doctrines—particularly those based on fault and linear causation—are insufficient to address the complexity of AI-driven judicial processes. In response, the study proposes a hybrid framework of algorithmic accountability based on distributed responsibility, probabilistic causation, and risk-based governance. Drawing on comparative regulatory approaches, including the European Union AI Act, the paper outlines key governance principles such as transparency, explainability, auditability, and human oversight. It demonstrates how these principles can be operationalized within judicial contexts to ensure procedural fairness and institutional integrity. The study contributes to Legal Tech scholarship by offering a structured and adaptable model for regulating AI in judicial systems, bridging the gap between technological innovation and legal responsibility.