Judicial Independence in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Designing an Integrated Framework for Human–Algorithm Interaction in Smart Courts

This paper examines the evolving relationship between artificial intelligence and judicial independence within the context of smart judicial systems. It addresses the central challenge of integrating AI technologies into judicial processes without compromising the autonomy, impartiality, and authority of the human judge. The study argues that while AI systems offer significant benefits in terms of efficiency, consistency, and decision support, their increasing influence raises critical concerns regarding automation bias, dependency, and the potential erosion of judicial discretion. It highlights the tension between algorithmic assistance and judicial sovereignty. Adopting a legal-analytical approach, the research proposes an integrated framework for human–algorithm interaction, based on clearly defined boundaries between decision support and decision authority. The framework emphasizes key principles, including transparency, explainability, accountability, and meaningful human oversight. The paper contributes to contemporary legal scholarship by offering a structured model that reconciles technological innovation with the preservation of judicial independence, ensuring that AI remains a tool that enhances—not replaces—the human judge.