Metacognitive regulation and neurophysiological mechanisms of temporal error monitoring

Key Points

• This study aims to clarify the mechanisms behind temporal error monitoring, focusing on cognitive adjustments and self-evaluation processes.
• Systematic review of tasks and paradigms in temporal error monitoring.
• Analysis of neurophysiological evidence including feedback-related negativity and oscillation patterns.
• Development of a two-stage, three-pathway integrative model to explain the interaction between different mechanisms.
• Identified three key mechanisms: self-evaluation, feedback modulation, and decision confidence regulation influencing accuracy.
• Proposed model shows that neural activities such as beta and alpha oscillations correlate with error monitoring processes.
• Highlights gaps in understanding the neural mechanisms, suggesting the need for longitudinal studies with ecological validity.