Smoking determinants and exhaled CO as an indicator of smoking intensity among Indonesian students: evidence from a school-based prevention program

Key Points

• Exhaled CO levels indicate a strong correlation with smoking intensity among students, revealing important behavioral insights.
• The study identified various smoking determinants, such as peer influence and accessibility, affecting smoking behavior.
• Assessment of students in a school-based prevention program illustrates smoking patterns and attitudes towards smoking.
• Understanding smoking determinants could support tailored programs aimed at reducing smoking rates in youth.