Anammox biofilm growth is promoted with pyrite modified polyethylene carriers, leading to improved nitrogen removal efficiency.
Nitrogen removal rates increase significantly, with reported enhancements in biofilm thickness by 25% compared to unmodified carriers.
Observational analysis involving biofilm interactions showcases the dual role of carriers in both growth and nutrient removal effectiveness.
The findings suggest potential for more efficient wastewater treatment systems via biofilm optimization, though further studies are needed for scaling.