Electric vehicles (EVs) have been widely studied as a promising option to mitigate the greenhouse effect. With improvements in drivetrain electricity, energy storage, and assistance, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) offer competitive range and fuel efficiency compared to internal combustion engine vehicles. By operating with optimized control strategies or using energy management system (EMS) concepts, the efficiency of PHEVs can be significantly improved. This research study investigates advances in EV technology, with an emphasis on battery breakthroughs, charging infrastructure, and environmental implications. As the global need for sustainable transportation solutions grows, EVs have emerged as a critical component in lowering greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels. The study looks at current advances in lithium-ion and solid-state batteries, emphasizing improvements in energy density, charging speed, and lifecycle sustainability. Furthermore, the report examines the existing state of charging infrastructure, identifying problems and potential to improve accessibility and efficiency. This study emphasizes the importance of legislative frameworks and technology collaboration in advancing the adoption of EVs by conducting a thorough analysis of existing literature and case studies. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of EMSs in EVs, focusing particularly on hybrid energy storage systems (HESS). Our original contributions include: 1) A comparative analysis of various HESS configurations (e.g., Battery-Supercapacitor) under different driving cycles. 2) Identification and detailed summary of the current technological and control challenges faced by EV EMSs. 3) A summary of the most recent technological advances in battery management systems and power-split control strategies for enhanced efficiency and battery lifespan. • Comprehensive review of battery and hybrid energy storage systems for electric vehicles. • Presents comparative analysis of HESS architectures under varying driving conditions. • Details advances in energy management strategies and control methods for efficiency. • Highlights the challenges of battery recycling, charging infrastructure, and grid impact. • Offers actionable recommendations for future EV policy, design, and standardization.
Tiwari et al. (2026) studied this question.