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May 26, 2026Open Access

Why Do Quarks Have Fractional Charge? Landauer's Information-Energy and Fermi-Dirac Occupation Provide an Answer

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Authors

JWJanuary Walker

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Overview

Theoretical analysis reveals fractional charges in quarks, suggesting they arise from occupation states.

Key Points

  • The aim is to explain the fractional charges of quarks using information-energy principles applied to the Fermi-Dirac distribution.
  • Evaluated the Fermi-Dirac distribution at the Landauer information-energy threshold.
  • Demonstrated charge magnitude derivation without free parameters.
  • Analyzed all 18 charged fermions and their antiparticles.
  • Confirmed spin state occupations of quarks as exactly 1/3 and 2/3.
  • Showed that charges arise from occupancy fractions of a two-state fermionic system.
  • Established that the results are exact and independent of temperature.

Cite This Study

January Walker (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a153bdfb5d9c58d83e8d4d1https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20363644
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