This theoretical examination connects quark fractional charges to Fermi-Dirac distribution in a two-state system, indicating new insights into particle physics.
The fractional electric charges of quarks, 1/3 and 2/3, have no derivation within the Standard Model. I show that the Fermi-Dirac distribution evaluated at the Landauer information-energy threshold E_L = k_BT ln(2) = mc² yields spin state occupations of exactly 1/3 and 2/3, producing all three Standard Model charge magnitudes from a single thermal occupation calculation with no free parameters. The result is exact, temperature-independent, and holds universally across all 18 charged fermions and their antiparticles. Charge signs follow from particle-hole duality. The charges are not fundamental properties. They are occupation fractions of a two-state fermionic system at the Landauer threshold.
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January Walker (2026) studied this question.
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