Additive Manufacturing of Organic Electrochemical Transistors: Methods, Device Architectures, and Emerging Applications

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are key devices in a large set of application fields including bioelectronics, neuromorphics, sensing, and flexible electronics. This review explores the advancements in additive manufacturing techniques accounting for printing technologies, device architectures, and emerging applications. The promising applications of printed OECTs, ranging from biochemical sensors to neuromorphic computing are examined, showcasing their versatility. Despite significant advancements, ongoing challenges persist, such as material-related issues, inconsistencies in film homogeneity, and the scalability of integration processes. This review identifies these critical obstacles and offers targeted solutions and future research directions aimed at enhancing the performance and reliability of fully-printed OECTs. By addressing these challenges, the aim of this study is to facilitate the development of next-generation OECTs that can meet the demands of emerging applications in sustainable and intelligent electronic and bioelectronic systems.