Multiscale Porous Carbonate Apatite Honeycomb Granules Derived from a Metastable Calcium Carbonate Precursor for Enhanced Bone Formation

Key Points

• This research aims to investigate the influence of multiscale porous honeycomb granules on bone regeneration.
• Developed multiscale carbonate apatite granules from a calcium carbonate precursor.
• Examined the pore architecture's effect on bone formation in vitro and in vivo.
• Assessed biomechanical properties related to bone integration.
• Honeycomb granules increased new bone formation by 30% compared to standard substitutes (p<0.05).
• Improved mechanical stability observed with granule application, yielding higher load-bearing capacity.
• Radiographic analysis indicated enhanced osteointegration at follow-up (p<0.01).