A survey on perception, localization, planning, and control of autonomous vehicles: challenges and solutions

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are vehicles that can perform driving tasks without human intervention, using a combination of sensors, actuators, and artificial intelligence. AVs have the potential to revolutionize the transportation system, by improving safety, efficiency, mobility, and environmental sustainability. However, AVs also pose significant technical, ethical, social, and legal challenges that need to be addressed before their widespread deployment and acceptance. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on the perception, localization, planning, and control of AVs, as well as the challenges and solutions in these domains. We also discuss the system management and human machine interface aspects of AVs, as well as the ethical, social, legal, and environmental implications of AVs. We identify the current state-of-the-art and future directions of AV research and development, and highlight the main gaps and limitations of the existing methods and techniques. We aim to provide a holistic and up-to-date overview of the state-of-the-art and future directions of AV research and development, and to identify the main gaps and limitations of the existing methods and techniques.