Passing with ChatGPT? Ethical Evaluations of Generative AI Use in Higher Education

The emergence of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in higher education offers new opportunities for academic support while also raising complex ethical concerns. This study explores how university students ethically evaluate the use of GenAI in three academic contexts: improving essay writing, preparing for exams, and generating complete essays without personal input. Drawing on the Multidimensional Ethics Scale (MES), the research assesses five philosophical frameworks—moral equity, relativism, egoism, utilitarianism, and deontology—based on a survey conducted among undergraduate social sciences students in Spain. The findings reveal that students generally view GenAI use as ethically acceptable when used to improve or prepare content, but express stronger ethical concerns when authorship is replaced by automation. Gender and full-time employment status also influence ethical evaluations: women respond differently than men in utilitarian dimensions, while working students tend to adopt a more relativist stance and are more tolerant of full automation. These results highlight the importance of context, individual characteristics, and philosophical orientation in shaping ethical judgments about GenAI use in academia.