Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides): A Comprehensive Review of Its Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), a deciduous shrub native to Europe and Asia, has emerged as a valuable medicinal plant due to its extensive phytochemical diversity and wide range of pharmacological activities. Traditionally utilized in Tibetan and Ayurvedic medicine, it contains a rich array of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, carotenoids, sterols, vitamins, and essential fatty acids. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the botanical characteristics, ethnopharmacological uses, and phytochemistry of H. rhamnoides, with particular attention to its pharmacogenetic significance. The plant exhibits numerous therapeutic effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and dermatological benefits. Emerging evidence supports its integration into nutraceutical and pharmaceutical formulations. Nonetheless, to fully realize its clinical potential, further research focusing on standardization and large-scale clinical trials is essential.