A Neuroglial Approach to the Neurodevelopmental and Disruptive Behavior Axis: A Broad Review of Current Literature

Neurodevelopmental and disruptive behavior disorders (NDDs and DBDs) represent a complex and overlapping spectrum of conditions characterized by early-onset cognitive, emotional, and behavioral impairments. Traditionally viewed through a predominantly neuronal lens, recent advances in neuroscience have underscored the critical roles of neuroglial cells—astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes—in brain development, synaptic modulation, and neuroimmune regulation. This narrative review synthesizes current literature on the involvement of glial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of NDDs and DBDs, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder. We examine evidence from molecular, imaging, and translational studies that highlight neuroinflammation, glial-synaptic interactions, and altered myelination as potential mechanisms linking neuroglial alterations to behavioral phenotypes. Furthermore, we discuss the emerging therapeutic implications of targeting glial cells in early intervention strategies. By adopting a neuroglial perspective, this review aims to offer a more integrated understanding of the biological underpinnings of developmental psychopathology and to pave the way for novel, mechanism-based interventions.