Cross-sectional analysis reveals gallstones are associated with increased CVD risk in U.S. adults, indicating abnormal cholesterol's role in this relationship.
Key Points
Patients with gallstones show a significant increased risk for cardiovascular disease, with an odds ratio of 2.364.
Associations are notably strong with angina pectoris, having an odds ratio of 4.398, independent of other risk factors.
Subgroup analysis confirms the relationship between gallstones and cardiovascular risk remains consistent across different demographics.
Cholesterol levels may mediate the association between gallstones and cardiovascular disease, highlighting a potential area for intervention.