This approach reveals how flavor mixing and CP violation emerge in fermion generations via fiber angles on S³, suggesting unique implications for particle physics.
We propose a geometric-topological framework in which fermion flavor mixing, confinement, CP violation, and the existence of exactly three generations arise from the dynamics of an internal \( S^3 \) fiber space over Lorentzian spacetime. A unit-norm vector field—the chronon—maps each spacetime point to a phase angle on the Hopf fiber, encoding flavor identity.Fermions are modeled as solitons of the chronon field, with flavor mixing determined by overlap amplitudes between fiber angles. Minimizing a mass-weighted coherence functional reproduces the CKM and PMNS matrices. CP violation emerges from local time-reversal asymmetry induced by chronon winding, offering a natural origin for the Jarlskog invariant.Confinement follows from a topological selection rule forbidding fractional winding, and the three fermion generations correspond to the only stable minima in the fiber angle landscape. These results yield a unified geometric origin for flavor structure rooted in internal time topology. While promising, the present framework remains phenomenological and lacks a full dynamical field-theoretic formulation of the chronon on curved spacetime. Future work will aim to construct a covariant action, derive the soliton sector from first principles, and identify experimental signatures distinguishing this theory from standard gauge-based approaches.
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Bin Li (2025) studied this question.
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