Theoretical analysis demonstrates geometric origins of fermion masses and flavor mixing across Standard Model particles, indicating that particle physics emerges from topological knot dynamics.
Building upon the structural stability of topological solitons in a 3+1+2 multi-time manifold, this paper extends the SO(3,3) constraint framework to the entire Standard Model fermion sector. We model neutrinos as pure topological writhes (ribbons without crossings), geometrically deriving their electrical neutrality and infinitesimally small rest masses due to minimal topological phase-anchoring. Furthermore, by expanding the vacuum manifold to SU(3), we demonstrate that quarks manifest as topological links (multi-stranded knots). This framework naturally elucidates fractional charges as winding numbers distributed across multiple covering spaces, while color confinement emerges from the infinite geometric tension required to isolate a single strand. Finally, we redefine the PMNS and CKM flavor mixing matrices as exact geometric transition amplitudes of these topological reconnections.
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Changho Cho (2026) studied this question.
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