Secure Integration of Cyber Engineering and Medical Cyber-Physical System: A Survey and Open Issues

Medical Cyber-Physical Systems (MCPS) are the prerequisites for a highly digital environment in medical facilities. All the technologies, methods, and problems that arise in developing MCPS should be mitigated systematically and continuously to meet this need. This study analytically discusses the currently available MCPS models, threat scenarios, attacks, and data breach statistics to evaluate the current security situation of the research community in the MCPS domain. The large and complex components of MCPS comprise many computational and physical aspects, making managing secure reliability challenging. To address this challenge, there is a need for security by design that incorporates built-in security functionality in the development of an MCPS. Our comprehensive review critically analyzes the current state-of-the-art in MCPS by considering various aspects, such as functionality, communication media, design characteristics, and security. Furthermore, we explore the security threats posed by MCPS as well as their potential impact. Finally, we propose a potential future pathway to effectively mitigate the identified threats by providing a promising direction for further investigation.