August 11, 2025EnergiesOpen Access

Cybersecurity Issues in Electrical Protection Relays: A Systematic Review

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Cybersecurity issues pose significant risks to the reliability of electrical protection relays in power systems, threatening grid stability.
A taxonomy of cyber attack models reveals vulnerabilities in digital relays and the potential consequences for power networks.
Existing mitigation strategies aim to enhance security, yet further research is needed to improve resilience against evolving cyber threats.
The growing reliance on communication protocols for functionality exposes digital relays to malicious attacks that can lead to catastrophic failures.

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Systematic review highlights risks and mitigation strategies in cybersecurity for power systems.

Gaggero et al. (2025) studied this question.

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