A Retrospective and Rethinking of Frank Goodnow's Stay in China

Introduction: in the early years of the Republic of China, significant disagreements emerged between the republicans, led by Sun Yat-sen, and the constitutionalists, with Yuan Shikai as their leader, on critical issues such as the Qing dynasty's abdication and the political structure that would follow the Manchu dynasty's fall. In this politically charged environment, Frank J. Goodnow, an American scholar, arrived in China at Yuan Shikai's invitation. From a constitutional monarchy perspective, Goodnow argued that monarchy might be more suitable for China than a republic. Purpose: there has formed a negative perception of Goodnow and Yuan Shikai in China, with many viewing Goodnow as providing Yuan Shikai with the theoretical foundation for proclaiming himself the emperor. This paper attempts to provide an assessment of Goodnow’s contribution taking a broader perspective of public administration rather than focusing solely on his theoretical positions. Methods: traditional theoretical and empirical methods: analysis, synthesis, analogy; historical, legal method of interpretation. Results: given the national context of the time, China faced an urgent need for stable governance, specifically, for an effective government capable of ensuring peace, order, and internal security. To consolidate national power and counter the political fragmentation caused by warlords fighting to establish their rule in the provinces, China required a strong central government. Conclusion: the lack of a cooperative spirit and organizational discipline among the populace, along with limited awareness of human rights and lack of universal education, suggested that a monarchy might have been the optimal form of government for China as it could promote state integration and foster social cohesion.