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This research aims to investigate how the Late Qing New Policies transformed China into a modern multi-ethnic nation-state.

February 9, 2026GenealogyOpen Access

What Constitutes the Modern Multi-Ethnic Nation-State of China? An Analysis of How the Late Qing New Policies Shaped Modern Multi-Ethnic China

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This research aims to investigate how the Late Qing New Policies transformed China into a modern multi-ethnic nation-state.
Comprehensive historical analysis of Late Qing New Policies (1901–1911)
Application of Anthony D. Smith’s theories on nationalism
Examination of institutional changes in administration, military, and ideology
Reforms led to a de facto Han-supported power structure
Reconceptualization of China as a multi-ethnic constitutional monarchy
Establishment of the 'Five Races Under One Union' model

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Analysis reveals Late Qing reforms reshaped national identity in China, suggesting a new understanding of multi-ethnic statehood.

Xiao et al. (2026) studied this question.

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