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This study aims to analyze the Qing Empire's reconfiguration of diplomatic hierarchy in East Asia through its treaty-making practices.

Reconstructing Hierarchy through Treaties and Regulations: Qing’s East Asian Diplomacy in the Late 19th Century

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Study analyzes Qing Empire's treaty-making and diplomatic hierarchy in East Asia, suggesting strategic regional authority reconfiguration.

This study aims to analyze the Qing Empire's reconfiguration of diplomatic hierarchy in East Asia through its treaty-making practices.
Analyzed memorials, diplomatic correspondence, and treaty texts in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese.
Focused on Qing-Japan and Qing-Chosn relations post-Sino-Japanese Treaty of Amity (1871) and Trade Regulations (1882).
Explored the tension between hierarchical authority and sovereign forms amid Western international law.
Qing treaty diplomacy reinforced hierarchy through modern treaty forms, exemplified by asymmetrical provisions in the Treaty of Amity with Japan.
Trade Regulations with Chosn codified suzerainty, granting Qing extensive judicial authority over Chosn.
Demonstrated that Qing actively reconfigured regional hierarchy rather than passively responding to Western imperialism.

Bong-Jun Kim (2026) studied this question.

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Study analyzes Qing Empire's treaty-making and diplomatic hierarchy in East Asia, suggesting strategic regional authority reconfiguration.