Assessment of Gene Expression Levels of Immune Markers in Celiac Desease Patients

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals, characterized by immune-mediated small intestinal damage. This study aimed to assess the gene expression levels of key immune markers, including cytokines (IL-1α, IL-17A, TNF-α) and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, E-selectin), in CD patients and explore their relationship with demographic factors such as age and sex. Blood samples were collected from 124 CD patients and 60 healthy controls. Serological markers (TTG and AGA antibodies) were measured using ELISA, and gene expression levels were analyzed using RT-PCR. The results revealed significant downregulation of IL-1α, IL-17A, E-selectin, and ICAM-1, while TNF-α was slightly upregulated in CD patients compared to controls. Age distribution analysis showed a higher prevalence of CD in adolescents (11-20 years) and young adults (21-30 years), with a secondary peak in middle-aged individuals (41-60 years). Females constituted 67% of CD patients, indicating a 2:1 female-to-male ratio. Serological analysis showed higher levels of AGA and TTG antibodies in younger patients, though the differences across age groups were not statistically significant. Similarly, sex-based differences in antibody levels were not significant, but females exhibited greater variability. These findings suggest that younger patients and females may have a more robust immune response, potentially influenced by hormonal and genetic factors. The study highlights the importance of demographic factors in CD pathogenesis and underscores the need for targeted screening and personalized therapeutic strategies