This article explores architecture as a global ecosystem — an organism composed of hierarchically interconnected layers. From discrete architectural units to taxonomies that in turn form clusters, and further — collective architecture — a global system that functions in ways akin to a living organism. It demonstrates an inherent capacity for autonomous decision-making and adaptation, much like natural ecosystems. The study examines historical attempts by humanity to construct analogous levels of architectural ecosystems, as well as the reasons these efforts have not gained significant traction. Examples include Dymaxion houses by Buckminster Fuller, metabolist visions of reconfigurable megastructures by Kisho Kurokawa, and the modular cluster Habitat 67 by Moshe Safdie. The article also discusses computational and cybernetic approaches to adaptive architecture — such as SEEK by Nicholas Negroponte and the Universal Constructor by John and Julia Frazer — highlighting the role of interaction, self-organisation, and intelligent material systems. In contrast to failed attempts at industrial automation like Katerra, new paradigms propose decentralised, open-source frameworks such as WikiHouse and community-level microfactories like AUAR. Finally, the paper presents contemporary models like UnitE and Prykhystok developed by Aranchii Unit, showcasing adaptive modular systems that react to changing social, environmental, and spatial requirements. The article proposes an integrated methodology combining computational design, flexible construction systems, and community participation to form resilient architectural ecosystems. This vision emphasises sustainability, reuse, and the synergy of artificial and natural systems through adaptable modular structures.
Dmytro Aranchii (Fri,) studied this question.