Volume-space composition of main bodies of nuclear power stations

The article comprehensively investigates the volumetric and spatial composition of nuclear power plant main buildings, revealing key determinants of their orientation, structure, and site location. It analyses how technological requirements, driven by reactor type (VVER, RBMK, PWR, BWR), coolant circulation, safety systems, and transport, shape spatial solutions. Urban planning and engineering-geological site conditions, including relief, soil, water, wind, and utilities, are highlighted as crucial for optimal main building location and configuration. Economic and environmental aspects, notably the pursuit of dense development for cost and impact minimisation, also influence layout. Based on global and domestic NPP design and construction experience, five main volumetric and spatial composition types are identified: radial, blocked, linear, mirror, central. Each type's characteristic functional block arrangement and external architecture are presented. The main architectural and planning techniques for organising main NPP building space are detailed: functional zoning, modularity, vertical/horizontal division, barrier zones, underground structures, hermetic shells, controlled areas, ventilation/air conditioning design, and emergency access. The interconnectedness of all considered factors and architectural planning in main NPP building design is emphasised to ensure safe, reliable, and efficient plant operation. The conclusions underscore the study's key role in understanding NPP main building organisation and operation principles. It's stressed that their layout balances technological needs, safety, operational logistics, and structural durability. Efficient space organisation directly impacts NPP safety, performance, and cost, with design evolution aiming for optimal configurations. Further research into new materials, construction technologies, and digital integration's impact on main NPP building volumetric and spatial organisation is proposed for safer, more efficient, and sustainable future energy facilities.