Current insights into the genome, substance addiction and homo delinquent comorbidity

A century and a half ago, Cesare Lombroso, based on anthropological research on “Homo delinquent” in criminology, anticipated the methodology of phenotyping. The rapid development of post-genomic concepts has contributed to the identification of genes responsible for addictive vulnerability, which also defi ne predisposition to other mental disorders. The study of genome-wide associations (GWAS) allows for the simultaneous consideration of genetic determinants in predicting phenotypic traits, including behavioral criminal manifestations and various forms of dependence on psychoactive substances. Identifying genetically determined comorbid deviant behavior and “pre-dependence” may help to focus special attention on the risks associated with the early stages of behavioral disorders and psychoactive substance use, as well as inform state policy, the penitentiary system, and healthcare resources that will support preventive medical measures and early intervention.