Novel Approach In Treatment of Cholangiocarcinoma: A Review

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare but highly aggressive malignancy arising from the epithelial cells of the bile ducts, often diagnosed at an advanced stage with poor prognosis. The disease is anatomically classified into intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal types, each with unique clinical and pathological features. Despite surgical resection being the only potentially curative treatment, most patients present with unresectable or metastatic disease, necessitating multimodal approaches. Recent advances in diagnostic imaging, molecular profiling, and targeted therapies have significantly influenced the management of CCA. This review highlights the etiology, risk factors, histopathology, diagnostic techniques, and a spectrum of emerging treatment modalities—including immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and combination regimens. Promising targeted agents such as FGFR and IDH1 inhibitors, and immunotherapies like pembrolizumab, offer new hope for improving outcomes in advanced stages. A comprehensive understanding of disease biology and individualized treatment strategies are vital to enhance prognosis and survival in patients with cholangiocarcinoma.