Engineered Nanomaterials and Hybrid Molecular Systems for Therapeutic Applications and Sustainable Energy Storage

Engineered nanomaterials and hybrid molecular systems have emerged as transformative platforms uniting advanced therapeutics with sustainable energy storage technologies. In biomedical applications, functional nanostructures—ranging from polymer–inorganic hybrids to bioinspired core–shell architectures—enable targeted drug delivery, tunable release kinetics, improved biocompatibility, and real-time bioimaging. Hybrid molecular systems such as lipid–polymer conjugates, peptide-functionalized metal–organic frameworks, and graphene–biopolymer composites achieve multifunctionality critical for navigating complex pathological microenvironments. Recent therapeutic breakthroughs report particle size control within 50–150 nm for optimal tumor accumulation, and drug encapsulation efficiencies exceeding 90%, enabling precise and efficient treatment modalities. In sustainable energy storage, nanostructured hybrids incorporating conductive polymers, carbon allotropes, and transition metal compounds demonstrate high specific capacitance (>400 F g⁻¹), rapid charge–discharge rates, and extended cycle stability (>10,000 cycles). Dual-function nanoplatforms now integrate photothermal therapy with photovoltaic energy harvesting, while bio-derived hybrids offer concurrent therapeutic delivery and supercapacitor performance. Notably, bio-inspired design principles enable cost-effective synthesis and resource-efficient scalability, aligning with circular economy goals. This review critically examines design strategies, synthesis methodologies, and performance metrics governing these multifunctional materials, with emphasis on their cross-domain adaptability. The synergistic integration of therapeutic and energy storage functionalities is anticipated to catalyze a new class of high-performance, resource-conscious technologies, bridging healthcare innovation and sustainable energy solutions.