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This research categorizes carbon reduction technologies and demonstrates a phased approach for bulk carriers, suggesting viable solutions for compliance with emissions standards.
Most small and medium-sized bulk carriers operate on non-fixed routes, making them unsuitable for the relatively "predictable" new energy (i.e. alternative fuel) retrofits that are being utilized by fixed-route vessels. To meet IMO's new emission requirements throughout their operational lifecycle, this paper systematically categorizes carbon reduction technologies applicable to small and medium-sized bulk carriers, that are currently in service, and proposes a "phased" emission reduction pathway. Using a 10-year-old KAMSARMAX bulk carrier as a case study and based on established assumptions, we demonstrate that a staged "phased" retrofit approach currently represents the most cost-effective option. The corresponding research has also been validated on an 11-year-old ULTRAMAX bulker. This research provides sustainable, affordable compliance solutions for small and medium-sized bulk carriers, offering retrofit references for vessels currently in operation.
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Xu et al. (2025) studied this question.
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