Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dyslipidaemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension Patients and Its Impact on Glycaemic Control in Zakho, Iraq

Introduction: Dyslipidaemia is a condition with increasing prevalence globally. The aim of this study is to explore dyslipidaemia prevalence in patients with both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension (HT) compared with controls and identify its clinical significance and risk factors. Materials and Methods: This case–control study recruited 127 participants (51 healthy and 76 T2DM-HT patients) from Barzan Hospital between August and December 2024. Data were obtained using a structured questionnaire and clinical parameters such as glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), serum glucose and lipid profile tests. Categorical data were analysed using the Chi-square test, independent t -tests or Mann–Whitney tests used for continuous variables. Binary logistic regression identified factors related to dyslipidaemia, and Spearman’s correlation examined the link between lipid profiles and other variables. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine optimal cut-off values and the area under the curve (AUC). Results: Dyslipidaemia was detected in 88.2% of T2DM-HT patients and 47.1% of healthy individuals. Triglycerides showed positive association with HbA1c ( P = 0.002), serum glucose ( P = 0.015) and body mass index (BMI) ( P = 0.008); low-density lipoprotein negatively correlated with HbA1c ( P = 0.036), glucose ( P = 0.010) and age ( P = 0.045); ROC analysis identified HbA1c (AUC = 0.767, P < 0.001), HT history (AUC = 0.766, P < 0.001) and serum glucose (AUC = 0.758, P < 0.001) as strong dyslipidaemia markers. T2DM-HT patients were older, more likely to be non-working and had a family history of both T2DM and HT. Conclusion: The study findings highlight the high prevalence of dyslipidaemia, especially in T2DM-HT patients, examine the main risk factors and detect the best dyslipidaemia predictors.