Design and Implementation of an Autonomous Intelligent Fertigation System for Cross-Regional Applications

Conventional fertigation systems suffer from limited cross-regional adaptability, mainly due to unstable fertilizer flow from fixed-aperture units, poor terrain adaptability, and an inadequate response to environmental heterogeneity. This study proposes an autonomous, cross-regional intelligent fertigation system based on an STM32F1 microcontroller and UART communication protocols. The system integrates a mechanically adjustable iris fertilizer delivery unit, a dual-axis fertigation module, a data interconnection unit, and comprehensive control software with dynamic calibration capabilities. Prototype evaluations conducted on both sloped terrain (up to 38°) and flat surfaces demonstrate a stable performance, achieving fertilizer flow control errors below 3%, irrigation deviation under 5%, and fertilization deviation within 2%. Real-time data acquisition, remote monitoring, and intelligent operation are supported by a YOLOv5s-based visual recognition system, which attains an mAP@0.5 of 92.5%. This integrated solution offers a robust approach to precision agriculture across diverse environmental conditions.