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This is a Observational study (also classified as: Literature Review).

Political violence in a polarized democracy: Years of Lead (YoL) data on Italy 1969–1988

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Political violence exhibited many forms, challenging narrow interpretations often limited to terrorism.
The study provides over 7,800 geolocated events that illuminate the violent dynamics of Italy during the Years of Lead.
Empirical evidence was gathered through a triangulated dataset, enhancing understanding of state responses to violence.
A broader conceptual perspective is necessary to grasp the complexities of political violence in democratic societies.

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Analysis of political violence trends from 1969 to 1988 in Italy reveals diverse repertoires, indicating the complexity of violence in democracies.

Costalli et al. (2025) studied this question.

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Analysis of political violence trends from 1969 to 1988 in Italy reveals diverse repertoires, indicating the complexity of violence in democracies.